Let’s begin by noting there are already plenty of restrictions on personal freedoms when the consensus is that these restrictions somehow protect people from themselves, or they protect society as a whole. For example, where I live you can’t legally…

- Drive without a seatbelt
- Ride a motorcycle without a helmet
- Commit suicide
- Practice law, medicine, or other professions without a license
- Operate a motor vehicle while under the influence
- Gamble in most places
- Carry an Uzi down the street
- Buy dynamite
The list goes on, and that doesn’t even include the many restrictions on underage activities. So there is nothing unusual or unprecedented about legal restrictions on freedom when an argument can be made that it protects lives or property.

My argument against allowing individuals to invest in stocks is that unless you have insider knowledge, which is already illegal, your odds of beating the index averages are slim. It is nothing more than gambling.

The myth of stock investing is that a person who does more research has better results. But there is no science to support that view. Indeed, the person who understands the most about individual stock investing avoids them completely and invests in ETFs or index funds.

The problem with doing your own research on stocks is that you must rely on the information coming from the management of a company, and managers are generally misinformed or lying. Even the most seasoned investment professionals running mutual funds perform worse than the indexes on average. Brains and research can’t overcome the fact that much of your data is deliberately tainted at the source.

When people go to Vegas to gamble, they usually set some sort of limit for their losses. And they go with the full knowledge that winning is unlikely. It makes sense for that sort of activity to be legal, within limits, because it is viewed as entertainment and not investment. But if it were common for people to bet their retirement savings on Blackjack, you can be sure it would be illegal.

We don’t allow unlicensed people to practice law or medicine, sell real estate, or even build a house. It is entirely consistent to restrict the untrained from making risky stock investments.

I reiterate that this runs against my own libertarian philosophy. I would feel I had lost something important if I couldn’t invest in individual stocks. But it is also true that my net worth would be larger if I had never done it. And it would be larger still if I hadn’t allowed professionals to do it on my behalf.

If anyone comments to this post by saying, “I do my own research and I made money in the stock market,” it is proving my point. And if you don’t see why that proves my point that further proves my point.

ASSIGMENT OF IP RIGHTS

Non-resident foreign investor receiving income for the Assignment of IP rights in the PRC will be subject to the following type of taxes: -

Type of tax Rate

Income tax 20% on gross sum paid and payable
Business tax 5% on gross sum paid and payable
Stamp tax 0.03% on gross sum paid and payable
Foreign companies and nationals must register their IP rights in accordance with the PRC law in order that these rights are legally protected inside the PRC. Note that under the PRC Trade Mark Law and the PRC Patent Law, agreements for the granting of IP license or the transfer of IP rights shall be registered with the PRC State IP authorities for record filing purposes and notify the public by putting up a public notice in the designated official publications. Otherwise, the agreements are not valid.

Agreements for the transfer of patent application rights or patent rights from PRC legal persons or individuals to foreign nationals and companies must obtain government vetting and approval. Otherwise, the transfer is unlawful.

The 10% withholding income tax shall apply to resident payers located in the Special Economic Zones, coastal Economic Technology Development Zones, and coastal open areas. 20% withholding tax rate shall apply to resident payers in other areas, and residents of a non-PRC treaty country.

Type of tax Rate

Income tax 20% on rental income
Business tax 5% on rental income
City property tax 18% on rental income

The resident tenant has an obligation to withhold taxes upon the payment of rental to the foreign owner. On the other hand, the foreign owner can appoint a domestic tax agent to act for it. The tax agent will apply for a temporary tax registration on behalf of its principle, and obtain the tax invoices at the tax office upon payment of taxes.

Both the foreign owner and the domestic tenant shall also pay stamp tax respectively at a rate of 0.1% on the rental amount. In addition, the tenancy agreement shall be registered at the local administrative organs. Thirdly, the landlord shall ensure that it has got a lease certificate for the rented property.

TRANSFER OF PROPERTY
Non-resident foreign investor receiving consideration for the transfer of landed property located in the PRC will be subject to the following type of taxes: -

Type of tax Rate

Income tax 20% on consideration
Business tax 5% on consideration
Stamp duty 0.05% on consideration
Land value appreciation tax 30% – 60% depending upon the appreciated value
Land value appreciation tax is levied on 4 different brackets of the appreciated value, which is arrived at by reference to the selling price minus the direct cost and the statutory deductions including business and stamp taxes. The income tax rate will be reduced to 10% if the owner is a resident of a PRC treaty country.

The buyer, on the other hand, has to pay a deed tax at the rate of 3% on total consideration irrespective of whether he is a resident or a non-resident.

National income registration and local income tax registration. Both registrations are mandatory and the registration application must be submitted within 30 days of obtaining the business license from the local office of “State Administration of Industry and Commerce” at the city level or above;

Value added tax registration – General taxpayer who sells goods or imports goods into the PRC, or provides taxable services shall apply for a VAT registration certificate.
VAT export rebate registration – VAT taxpayers applying for tax rebate on the VAT paid for the inputs in the manufacture of export goods shall apply for a VAT export rebate registration;
Temporary tax registration – Non-residents having the obligation to pay tax may apply for a temporary tax registration through its appointed tax agent or the withholding entity to do so.
Tax withholding registration – Entity or individuals who has an obligation to withhold tax and pay it to the tax authority shall apply for a tax withholding registration.

Withholding obligations
Individual income tax – Under the PRC Individual Income Tax Law (The IIT Law) and the PRC Tax Collection and Administration Law, the employee is required to pay the tax each month while the employer or the entity at which the employee performs duty is obliged to withhold payment by making deductions from the payroll and pay it over to the local tax bureau. Failure to comply with the withholding obligation will be subject to fines and in serious cases, invite criminal consequences.
Social security contributions – Social security is a staff cost, which includes payments for unemployment, retirement, personal injury, and medical insurances. Both the local employee and the employing entity as the paying unit must make prescribed contribution to the pool of social security funds. The social security is computed by reference to the employee’s average wages, as announced by the provincial offices of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. The social security regulations specify that the employing entity are under an obligation to withhold a certain sum from the payroll of the employees and pay it over to local tax office who collect the payments for social security funds.
License fee and royalty – Non-residents foreign enterprises or nationals receiving license fee or royalty arising from the use of intellectual property rights inside China are subject to PRC income taxes. The resident company or enterprises are required to withhold and pay the tax on behalf of the non-residents.
Legal responsibility – The withholding entity has the obligation to comply with the requirement under the PRC Tax Levy and Administration Law. Non-compliance shall invite administrative punishment or in serious cases criminal consequences.

Non-arm’s length transfer pricing
Under article 24 of the PRC Tax Levy and Administration Law, the tax authority has the power to make adjustment to the transaction prices fixed between related parties which are different from that fixed between independent third parties.

Legal liability for breach
There are two kinds of legal liability depending on which institutions impose the punishment for breaching the tax law. If the PRC tax authority imposes the penalty under the PRC Tax Levy and Administration Law, that will be an administrative liability. If the amount is large and that the case is brought to the People’s Court under the PRC Criminal Law, that is criminal liability.
Administrative punishment

The tax authority shall impose a fine of not exceeding RMB2,000 or a fine between RMB2001 and RMB10,000 for serious breaches, and order the taxpayer to put things right within a specified period of time in respect of the following non-compliance: -
Failure to apply for tax registration, amending, or canceling the tax registration within the statutory time; failure to keep books of accounts and information; failure to submit reports of financial statement, accounting policies and treatment. Article 37 of the PRC Tax Levy and Administration Law refers.

The tax authority shall order withholding entity or agent who fails to set up accounting records, keeps tax withheld and pays tax to put things right within a specified period. If the tax withholding agent does not make the correction within the specified period, the tax authority shall impose a fine of not exceeding RMB2,000 and a fine between RMB2001 and RMB5,000 for serious breaches. Article 39 refers.

Tax evasion
What is it?
Article 201 of the PRC Criminal Law provides that any individual or entity who by means of farcified accounting records or hiding accounting information from the tax authorities, understates its income or overstates its expenses, or refuses to submit a correct tax declaration as ordered by the tax authority, or refuses to pay tax or pays a lesser amount of tax, is considered to have evaded tax.

Consequences of tax evasion

All of the sentences shall be increased to more than 3 years if the revenue loss to the tax authority is greater than the above-mentioned amount.

Order of the President of the People’s Republic of China
(No. 63)

The Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China, which was adopted at the 5th Session of the 10th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on March 16, 2007, is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of January 1, 2008.

President of the People’s Republic of China Hu Jintao

March 16, 2007

Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China

(Adopted at the 5th Session of the 10th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on March 16, 2007)

Contents

Chapter I General Provisions

Chapter II Taxable Amount of Income

Chapter III Amount of Payable Taxes

Chapter IV Preferential Tax Treatments

Chapter V Withholding by Sources

Chapter VI Special Adjustments to Tax Payments

Chapter VII Administration of Tax Collection

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1 Within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the enterprises and other organizations which have incomes (hereinafter referred to as the enterprises) shall be payers of the enterprise income tax and shall pay their enterprise income taxes in accordance with this Law.

This Law does not apply to the sole individual proprietorship enterprises and partnership enterprises.

Article 2 Enterprises are classified into resident and non-resident enterprises.

The term “resident enterprise” as mentioned in this Law refers to an enterprise which is established inside China, or which is established under the law of a foreign country (region) but whose actual institution of management is inside China.

The term “non-resident enterprise” as mentioned in this Law refers to an enterprise established under the law of a foreign country (region), whose actual institution of management is not inside China but which has institutions or establishments inside China; or which has not any institution or establishment inside China but which has incomes sourced in China.

Article 3 A resident enterprise shall pay the enterprise income tax on its incomes derived from both inside and outside China.

For a non-resident enterprise with an institution or establishment inside China, it shall pay enterprise income tax on its incomes derived from inside China as well as on incomes that it earns outside China but which has real connection with the said institution or establishment.

For a non-resident enterprise without any institution or establishment inside China, or for a non-resident enterprise whose incomes have no actual connection to its institution or establishment inside China, it shall pay enterprise income tax on the incomes derived from inside China.

Article 4 The enterprise income tax rate shall be 25%.

The tax rate which applies to a non-resident enterprise’s incomes as mentioned in paragraph 3, Article 3 of this Law shall be 20%.

Chapter II Taxable Amount of Income

Article 5 The balance after deducting the tax-free incomes, tax-exempt incomes, all deduction items as well as the permitted remedies for losses of the previous year(s) from an enterprise’s total amount of incomes of each tax year shall be the taxable amount of incomes.

Article 6 An enterprise’s monetary and non-monetary incomes from various sources shall be the total amount of incomes, including:

(1)income from the sale of goods;

(2)income from the provision of labor services;

(3)income from the assignment of property;

(4)dividend, bonus and other equity investment proceeds;

(5)income from interests;

(6)income from rentals;

(7)income from royalties;

(8)income from accepted donations; and

(9)other incomes.

Article 7 The following incomes included in the total amount of incomes shall be tax-free incomes:

(1)The appropriations from the treasury;

(2)The administrative fees and the governmental funds which are charged according to the law and fall under treasury administration; and

(3)Other tax-free incomes as prescribed by the State Council.

Article 8 The reasonable disbursements which are actually incurred and in which have actual connection with the business operations of an enterprise, including the costs, expenses, taxes, losses, etc., may be deducted in the calculation of the taxable amount of incomes.

Article 9 With regard to an enterprise’s disbursements for public welfare donations, the portion which accounts for 12% of the total annual profits or less is allowed to be deducted.

Article 10 None of the following disbursements may be deducted in the calculation of the taxable amount of incomes:

(1)Dividend, bonus and other equity investment proceeds paid to the investors;

(2)Payment for enterprise income tax;

(3)Late fee for taxes;

(4)Pecuniary punishment, fines, and losses of properties confiscated;

(5) Disbursements for donations other than those provided for in Article 9;

(6) Sponsorship disbursements;

(7) Unverified reserve disbursements;

(8) Other disbursements that have nothing to do with the obtainment of revenues;

Article 11 When calculating the taxable amount of incomes, an enterprise is allowed to deduct the depreciations of fixed assets calculated under the relevant provisions.

No depreciation may be calculated for any of the following fixed assets:

(1)The fixed assets which have not yet been put into use, excluding houses and buildings;

(2)The fixed assets rented in by way of commercial lease;

(3)The fixed assets rented out by way of finance leasing;

(4)The fixed assets for which depreciation has been allocated in full amount but which remain in use;

(5)The fixed assets which have nothing to do with the business operations;

(6)The land which is separately appraised and entered into account as an item of fixed asset; and

(7)Other fixed assets for which no depreciation may be calculated.

Article 12 When calculating the taxable amount of incomes, an enterprise is allowed to deduct the amortized expenses of intangible assets calculated according to the relevant provisions.

No amortized expense may be calculated for the following intangible assets:

(1)The intangible assets, for which the self-development expenses have been deducted in the calculation of the taxable amount of incomes;

(2)The self-created business reputation;

(3)The intangible assets which have nothing to do with the business operations; and

(4)Other intangible assets for which no amortized expense may be calculated.

Article 13 The following expenses incurred by an enterprise shall, in the calculation of the taxable amount of incomes, be treated as long-term deferred expenses. Those amortized under the relevant provisions are allowed to be deducted:

(1)The expenses for the rebuilding of a fixed asset, for which depreciation has been prepared in full amount;

(2)The expenses for the rebuilding of a rented fixed asset;

(3)The expenses for the heavy repair of a fixed asset; and

(4)Other expenses that shall be treated as long-term deferred expenses.

Article 14 During the period of external investment, an enterprise shall not deduct the costs of the investment assets when it calculates the taxable amount of incomes.

Article 15 Where an enterprise uses or sells its inventories, it is allowed to deduct the costs of the inventories calculated according to the relevant provisions in the calculation of the taxable amount of incomes.

Article 16 Where an enterprise transfers an asset, it is allowed to deduct the net value of the asset in the calculation of the taxable amount of incomes.

Article 17 When an enterprise calculates its enterprise income taxes on a consolidated basis, it shall not offset the losses of its overseas business institutions against the profits of its domestic business institutions.

Article 18 The losses incurred by an enterprise during a tax year may be carried forward and subtracted from the incomes during subsequent years for a maximum carry-forward period of 5 years.

Article 19 Where a non-resident enterprise obtains incomes as described in paragraph 3, Article 3 of this Law, it shall calculate the taxable amount of income through following approaches:

(1)The taxable amount of incomes from dividends, bonuses and other equity investment proceeds, interests, rentals and royalties shall be based on the total amount of incomes;

(2)The taxable amount of incomes from the assignment of property shall be the balance of the total amount of incomes less the net value of the property; and

(3)The taxable amount of any other income shall be calculated by reference to the approaches as mentioned in the preceding items.

Article 20 The specific measures for the scope and criterions of revenues and deductions, as well as the tax treatment of assets as provided for in the present Chapter shall be formulated by the treasury and tax administrative departments of the State Council.

Article 21 When calculating the taxable amount of incomes, if the enterprise’s financial or accounting treatment method does not conform to any tax law or administrative regulation, the taxable amount shall be calculated in accordance with the tax law or administrative regulation.

Chapter III Amount of Payable Taxes

Article 22 The amount of payable taxes shall be the balance of the taxable amount multiplied by the applicable tax rate minus the tax amounts deducted and exempted as provided for in the present Law .

Article 23 An enterprise may deduct from the taxable amount of incomes of the current period the amount of income tax it has already paid overseas for the following incomes. The limit of tax credit shall be the payable amount of taxes on such incomes computed according to this Law. The part exceeding the limit of tax credit may, during the five subsequent years, be offset by way of deducting the limit of tax credit of each year from the balance after the deduction of the limit of tax credit of the current year:

(1)A resident enterprise’s taxable incomes derived from outside China; and

(2)Taxable incomes earned outside China by a non-resident enterprise with institutions or establishments in China, but which have no actual connection with the said institutions or establishments.

Article 24 For the dividends, bonuses and other equity investment proceeds derived from outside China that a resident enterprise obtains from a foreign enterprise that it controls directly or indirectly, the portion of income tax on this income paid by the foreign enterprise outside China may be treated as the allowable tax credit of overseas income tax amount of the resident enterprise and be deducted within the limit of tax credit as prescribed in Article 23 of this Law.

Chapter IV Preferential Tax Treatments

Article 25 Preferential in enterprise income tax treatments are granted to the important industries and projects whose development is supported and encouraged by the state.

Article 26 The following incomes of an enterprise shall be tax-free incomes:

(1)The income from treasury bonds;

(2)Dividends, bonuses and other equity investment proceeds distributed between qualified resident enterprises;

(3)Dividends, bonuses and other equity investment proceeds which a non-resident enterprise with institutions or establishments in China obtains from a resident enterprise and which have actual connection with such institutions or establishments; and

(4)Incomes of qualified not-for-profit organizations.

Article 27 The enterprise income tax on the following incomes may be exempted or reduced:

(1)The incomes incurred from projects of agriculture, forestry, husbandry and fishery;

(2)The incomes incurred from business operations of the important public infrastructure investment projects supported by the state;

(3)The income incurred from the projects of environmental protection, energy and water saving, which meet the relevant requirements;

(4)The incomes incurred from the transfer of technologies, which meets the relevant requirements; and

(5)The income as prescribed in paragraph 3, Article 3 of this Law.

Article 28 The enterprise income tax on a small meagre-profit enterprise which meets the prescribed conditions shall be levied at a reduced tax rate of 20%.

The enterprise income tax on important high- and new-tech enterprises which are necessary to be supported by the state shall be levied at the reduced tax rate of 15%.

Article 29 The autonomous organ of an autonomous region of ethnic minorities may decide the reduction or exemption of the local portion of the enterprise income tax to be paid by enterprises within the said autonomous region. The decisions of deduction or exemption made an autonomous prefecture or county shall be submitted to the people’s government of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government for approval.

Article 30 The following expenses of an enterprise may be additionally calculated and deducted:

(1)The expenses for the research and development of new technologies, new products and new techniques; and

(2)The wages paid to the disabled employees or other employees whom the state encourages to hire.

Article 31 A startup investment enterprise engaged in important startup investments which are necessary to be supported and encouraged by the state may deduct from the taxable amount of incomes a certain proportion of the amount of investment.

Article 32 Where it is surely necessary to accelerate the depreciation of any fixed asset of an enterprise because of technological progress or due to any other cause, it may shorten the term of depreciation or adopt an approach to accelerate the depreciation.

Article 33 The incomes generated by an enterprise from producing products conforming to the industrial policies of the state by way of comprehensive utilization of resources may be downsized in the calculation of the amount of taxable incomes.

Article 34 The amount of an enterprise’s investment in the purchase of special equipment for environmental protection, energy and water saving, work safety, etc. may be deducted from the tax amount at a certain rate.

Article 35 The specific measures for the preferential tax treatments as mentioned in this Law shall be formulated by the State Council.

Article 36 Where the national economic and social development so requires, or the business operations of enterprises have been seriously affected by emergencies and other factors, the State Council may formulate special preferential policies concerning the enterprise income tax and submitted them to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for archival purposes.

Chapter V Withholding by Sources

Article 37 The payable income taxes on the incomes as described in paragraph 3, Article 3 of this Law which a non-resident enterprise earns shall be withheld by sources, with the payer acting as the obligatory withholder. The tax amount shall be withheld by the obligatory withholder from each payment or payment due.

Article 38 For the payable income taxes on the incomes which a non-resident enterprise obtains from undertaking an engineering project or providing labor services inside China, the tax organ may designate the payer of the project price or remuneration as the obligatory withholder.

Article 39 For the income tax that shall be withheld under Articles 37 and 38 of this Law but which the obligatory withholder has failed to withhold or is unable to perform the withholding obligation, the taxpayer shall pay them at the place where the income has occurred. If the taxpayer fails to do so, the tax organ may recover the payable tax of the enterprise from its other income items inside China for which the payer should pay.

Article 40 A obligatory withholder shall turn over the tax payments which it withholds every time to the state treasury within 7 days after the date of withholding and submit to the local tax organ a form of report on the withheld enterprise income taxes.

Chapter VI Special Adjustments to Tax Payments

Article 41 With regard to a transaction between an enterprise and its affiliate, if the taxable revenue or income of the enterprise or its affiliate decreases due to inconformity with the arms length principle, the tax organ may make an adjustment through a reasonable method.

The costs of an enterprise and its affiliate for joint development or accepting the assignment of intangible assets, or jointly providing or accepting labor services shall, according to the arms length principle, be apportioned in the calculation of the taxable amount of incomes.

Article 42 An enterprise may file with the tax organ the pricing principles and computation approaches for the transactions between it and its affiliates, the tax organ and the enterprise shall enter into an advance pricing arrangement upon negotiations and confirmation.

Article 43 When an enterprise submits to the tax organ its annual enterprise income tax returns, it shall enclose an annual report on the affiliated transactions between it and its affiliates.

When the tax organ investigates into the affiliated transactions, the enterprise and its affiliates, as well as other enterprises relating to the affiliated transactions under investigation, shall provide the pertinent materials according to the relevant provisions.

Article 44 Where any enterprise refuses to provide the materials of transactions between it and its affiliates, or provides any false or incomplete materials which cannot reflect the true information about the affiliated transactions, the tax organ may decide its taxable amount of income upon check.

Article 45 With regard to an enterprise which is established by a resident enterprise or controlled by an resident enterprise or by a Chinese resident and which is located in a country (region) where the actual tax burden is obviously lower than the tax rate as prescribed in paragraph 1 of Article 4 of this Law, if the profits are not distributed or if less profits are distributed for a cause not attributable to reasonable business operations, the portion of the aforesaid profits attributable to this resident enterprise shall be included in its incomes of the current period.

Article 46 The interest disbursement for any credit investments and equity investments, which an enterprise accepts from its affiliates, in excess of the prescribed criterion shall not be deducted in the calculation of the taxable amount of income.

Article 47 Where an enterprise makes any other arrangement not for any reasonable business purpose, if its taxable revenue or income decreases, the tax organ has the power to make an adjustment through a reasonable method.

Article 48 If the tax organ makes an adjustment to a tax payment under the provisions of this Chapter and if it is necessary to recover the tax payment in arrears, it shall do so and charge an additional interest under the provisions of the State Council.

Chapter VII Administration of Tax Collection

Article 49 The administration of the collection of enterprise income taxes shall be governed by the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Administration of Tax Collection in addition to this Law.

Article 50 Unless it is otherwise provided for in any tax law or administrative regulation, the tax payment place of a resident enterprise shall be the registration place of the said enterprise. But if its registration place is without China, the tax payment place shall be the place where its institution of actual management is located.

A resident enterprise which has established operational institutions without legal person status in China shall calculate and pay its enterprise income taxes on a consolidated basis.

Article 51 Where a non-resident enterprise obtains any income as described in paragraph 2, Article 3 of this Law, the tax payment place shall be the place where the institution or establishment is located. Where a non-resident enterprise has established two or more institutions or establishments within China, it may, subject to the examination and approval of the tax organ, choose to have its main institution or establishment pay the enterprise income tax on a consolidated basis.

For a non-resident enterprise which obtains any income as described in paragraph 3, Article 3 of this Law, the place where the obligatory withholder is located shall be the place for the payment of enterprise income taxes.

Article 52 Unless it is otherwise provided for by the State Council, enterprises shall not pay their enterprise income taxes on a consolidated basis.

Article 53 Enterprise income taxes shall be calculated on the basis of a tax year. A tax year commences on January 1 and ends on December 31 of the Gregorian calendar year.

Where an enterprise starts or terminates its business operations in the middle of a tax year so that its actual business operation period in this tax year is shorter than 12 months, its actual business operation period shall constitute a tax year.

At the time of liquidation of an enterprise, the liquidation period shall be a tax year.

Article 54 Enterprise income taxes shall be paid in advance on the monthly or quarterly basis.

An enterprise shall, within 15 days after the end of a month or quarter, submit to the tax organ an enterprise income tax return for advance payment and pay the tax in advance.

An enterprise shall, within 5 months after the end of each year, submit to the tax organ an annual enterprise income tax return for the settlement of tax payments and settle the payable or refundable amount of taxes.

When an enterprise submits an enterprise income tax return, it shall attach to it the financial statements and other relevant materials according to the relevant provisions.

Article 55 When an enterprise terminates its business operation in the middle of a year, it shall, within 60 days after the actual date of termination of its business operations, apply to the tax organ for calculating and paying the enterprise income taxes of the current period.

Before an enterprise goes through the deregistration formalities, it shall make a declaration to the tax organ on the liquidation and shall pay the enterprise income taxes.

Article 56 Enterprise income taxes to be paid under this law shall be calculated on the basis of RMB. For any income calculated on the basis of a currency other than RMB, the amount of taxes shall be calculated and paid after this income is converted into RMB.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions

Article 57 The enterprises which have already been established prior to the promulgation of the present Law and enjoyed low tax rates according to the provisions of the tax laws and administrative regulations in force at that time may, according to the provisions of the State Council, continue to enjoy the preferential treatments within five years after the present Law is promulgated and gradually transfer to the tax rate as provided for in the present Law. Those which enjoy the preferential treatment of tax exemption for a fixed term may, according to the provisions of the State Council, continue to enjoy such treatment after the promulgation of the present Law until the fix term expires. However, for those that have failed to enjoy the preferential treatment due to failure to make profits, the term of preferential treatment may be counted as of the year when the present Law is promulgated.

Within the particular areas established by law for developing foreign economic cooperation and technological exchanges and the high- and new-tech enterprises that need the key support of the state newly established within the areas where the State Council has provided for the implementation of the abovementioned special policies may continue to enjoy transitional preferential tax treatments, with the specific measures thereof to be formulated by the State Council.

Other enterprises falling in the encouraged category as already determined by the State Council may enjoy the preferential treatment of tax reduction or exemption according to the provisions of the State Council.

Article 58 Where any provision in a tax treaty concluded between the government of the People’s Republic of China and a foreign government is different from the provisions in this Law, the provision in the said treaty shall prevail.

Article 59 The State Council shall formulate a regulation on the implementation of this Law.

Article 60 This law shall come into force as of January 1, 2008. The Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign-funded Enterprises and Foreign Enterprises as adopted at the 4th Session of the Standing Committee of the 7th National People’s Congress on April 9, 1991 and the Interim Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on Enterprise Income Tax as promulgated by the State Council on December 13, 1993 shall be repealed simultaneously.

OF
AAA, INC.
(a _________(PLACENAME) Corporation)
The original Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation was filed with the Secretary of State of _________(PLACENAME) on _________(M,D,Y) and a restated Certificate of Incorporation was filed on _________(M,D,Y). The following Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the Restated Certificate) has been duly adopted by the Board of Directors and the Stockholders pursuant to Sections 242 and 245 of the _________(PLACENAME) General Corporation Law.

1. The name of the corporation is AAA, INC.

2. The address of its registered office in the State of _________(PLACENAME) is _________. The name of its registered agent at such address is BBB Company.

3. The nature of the business or purposes to be conducted or promoted is:

Specifically, to engage in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of chemicals, chemical compounds and products and related instruments and apparatus.

Generally to conduct and carry on the business of manufacturing, selling and distributing chemicals, chemical preparations, compounds, and materials of every kind and description and all instruments, apparatus, articles and products related thereto; and to purchase, manufacture, produce, refine, mine or otherwise acquire, invest in, own, hold, use, mortgage, pledge,sell, assign, transfer, or otherwise dispose of, trade and deal in and with, any and all kinds of chemicals and source materials, ingredients, mixtures, derivatives, and compounds thereof, and any and all kinds of products of which any of the foregoing constitutes an ingredient or in the production of which any of the foregoing is used, including, without limitation, industrial chemicals of all kinds.

To engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the General Corporation Law of _________(PLACENAME).

(a) The total number of shares of all classes of stock which the corporation shall be authorized to issue is _________ shares, divided into three classes of shares of stock as follows: _________ shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $,_________ per share (Class A Common), _________,shares of Class B Common Stock, par value $,_________ per share (Class B Common), and _________ shares of Preferred Stock, par value $,_________ per share (Preferred Stock).

(b) Except as set forth in this Article 4.(b), the Class A Common shares and Class B Common shares shall be identical in all respects and shall have equal rights and privileges.

A. Dividends.

(1) Subject to paragraph (2) of this paragraph A, whenever a dividend is paid to holders of Class B Common shares, the corporation shall also pay to holders of Class A Common shares a dividend at least equal in amount per share. The corporation may pay dividends to holders of Class A Common shares in excess of dividends paid, or without paying dividends, to holders of Class B Common shares.

(2) If at any time a dividend is to be paid in Class B Common shares or Class A Common shares (a Stock Dividend), such Stock Dividend may be declared and paid only as follows:

(i) So long as no Class A Common shares have been issued or are outstanding, Class A Common shares may be paid to holders of Class B Common shares; or

(ii) Class A Common shares may be paid to holders of Class A Common shares and Class B Common shares may be paid to holders of Class B Common shares.

Whenever a Stock Dividend is paid, the same number of shares shall be paid in respect of each outstanding Class A or Class B Common share. The corporation shall not combine or subdivide shares of either of such classes without at the same time making a proportionate combination or subdivision of shares of the other of such classes.

B. Voting. The holders of Class B Common shares shall have exclusive voting power except as may be provided to holders of the Preferred shares pursuant to Article 4.(c) of this Restated Certificate and except as follows:

(1) With respect to the election of directors, the holders of Class A Common shares voting as a separate class shall be entitled to elect that number of directors which constitutes twenty-five percent of the authorized number of members of the Board of Directors and, if such twenty- five percent is not a whole number, then the holders of Class A Common shares shall be entitled to elect the nearest higher whole number of directors that is at least twenty-five percent of such membership. Holders of Class B Common shares voting as a separate class, subject to voting rights that may be granted to holders of Preferred shares pursuant to Article 4.(c) of this Restated Certificate shall be entitled to elect the remaining directors. Unless, and to the extent that, the by-laws of the corporation shall so require, the election of directors of the corporation need not be by written ballot.

(2) The holders of Class A Common shares shall be entitled to vote as a separate class on the removal, with or without cause, of any director elected by the holders of Class A Common shares and the holders of Class B Common shares (subject to voting rights of Preferred shares granted pursuant to Article 4.(c) of this Restated Certificate) shall be entitled to vote as a separate class on the removal, with or without cause, of any director elected by the holders of Class B Common shares; provided that any director may be removed for cause by vote of the holders of the Class A and Class B Common shares voting as a single class, in which event the holders of Class A Common shares shall have one-tenth vote per share and the holders of Class B Common shares shall have one vote per share.

(3) The holders of the Class A Common shares and the holders of the Class B Common shares shall be entitled to vote as separate classes on such other matters as may be required by law or this Restated Certificate to be submitted to such holders voting as separate classes.

(4) The holders of Class A and Class B Common shares shall in all matters not specified in paragraph (1), (2) or (3) of this paragraph B vote together as a single class (subject to voting rights that may be granted to any holders of Preferred shares pursuant to Article 4.(c) of this Restated Certificate); provided that the holders of Class A Common shares shall have one-tenth of a vote for each share and the holders of Class B Common shares shall have one vote for each share.

(5) Any vacancy in the office of a director elected by the holders of the Class A Common shares may be filled by a vote of such holders voting as a separate class and any vacancy in the office of a director elected by the holders of the Class B Common shares may be filled by a vote of such holders voting as a separate class (subject to voting rights of the Preferred shares granted pursuant to Article 4.(c) of this RestatedCertificate) and, in the absence of a stockholder vote, in the case of a vacancy in the office of a director elected by either class, such vacancy may be filled by the remaining directors as provided in the by-laws. Any director elected by the Board of Directors to fill a vacancy shall serve until the next annual meeting of the stockholders and until his or her successor has been chosen and has qualified. If permitted by the by-laws, the Board of Directors may increase the number of directors, and any newly created directorships so created may be filled by the Board of Directors; provided that, so long as the holders of Class A Common shares have the rights provided in paragraphs B.(1) and B.(5) of this Article 4.(b) in respect of the next previous annual meeting of stockholders, the Board of Directors may be so enlarged by the Board of Directors only to the extent that at least twenty-five percent of the enlarged Board consists of directors elected (a) by the holders of the Class A Common shares, (b) by persons appointed to fill vacancies created by the death, resignation or removal of persons elected by the holders of the Class A Common shares, (c) by directors elected by the holders of the Class A Common shares, or (d) by persons elected to fill newly created directorships in the manner provided by clauses (a), (b) or (c) above.

(6) The Class A Common shares will not have the rights to elect directors set forth in paragraphs B.(1) and B.(5) of this Article 4.(b) if, on the record date for any stockholder meeting at which directors are to be elected, the number of issued and outstanding Class A Common shares is less than ten percent of the aggregate number of issued and outstanding Class A Common shares and Class B Common shares. In such case, all directors to be elected at such meeting shall be elected by holders of Class A Common shares and Class B Common shares voting together as a single class (subject to voting rights that may be granted to any holders of Preferred shares pursuant to Article 4.(c) of this Restated Certificate); provided that, with respect to said election, the holders of Class A Common shares hall have one-tenth of a vote for each share and the holders of Class B Common shares shall have one vote for each share.

(7) Notwithstanding anything in this paragraph B to the contrary,the holders of Class A Common shares shall have exclusive voting power on all matters, except as may be provided to holders of the Preferred shares pursuant to Article 4.(c) of this Restated Certificate, at any time when no Class B Common shares are issued and outstanding.

C. Conversion. Each holder of record of Class B Common shares may at any time or from time to time, in such holders sole discretion and at such holders option, convert any whole number or all of such holders Class B Common shares into fully paid and non-assessable Class A Common shares at the rate (subject to adjustment as hereinafter provided) of one Class A Common share for each Class B Common share surrendered for conversion. Any such conversion may be effected by any holder of Class B Common shares surrendering such holders certificate or certificates for the Class B Common shares to be converted, duly endorsed, at the office of the corporation or any transfer agent for the Class B Common shares, together with a written notice to the corporation at such office that such holder elects to convert all or a specified number of Class B Common shares and stating the name or names in which such holder desires the certificate or certificates for such Class A Common shares to be issued. Promptly thereafter, the corporation shall issue and deliver to such holder or such holders nominee or nominees, a certificate or certificates for the number of Class A Common shares to which such holder shall be entitled as aforesaid. Such conversion shall be deemed to have been made at the close of business on the date of such surrender and the person or persons entitled to receive the Class A Common shares issuable on such conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the record holder or holders of such Class A Common shares on that date.

The number of Class A Common shares into which the Class B Common shares may be converted shall be subject to adjustment from time to time in the event of any capital reorganization, reclassification of the stock of the corporation, consolidation or merger of the corporation with or into another corporation or sale or conveyance of all or substantially all of the assets of the corporation to another corporation or other entity or person. Each Class B Common share shall thereafter be convertible into such kind and amount of securities or other assets, or both, as are issuable or distributable in respect of the number of Class A Common shares into which each Class B Common share is convertible immediately prior to such reorganization, reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale orconveyance. In any such case, appropriate adjustments shall be made by the Board of Directors of the corporation in the application of the provisions herein set forth with respect to the rights and interests thereafter of the holders of Class B Common shares, to the end that the provisions set forth herein (including provisions for adjustment of the conversion rate) shall thereafter be applicable, as nearly as reasonably may be, in relation to any securities or other assets thereafter deliverable on conversion of the Class B Common shares.

No fraction of a Class A Common share shall be issued on conversion of any Class B Common share but, in lieu thereof, the corporation shall pay in cash therefor the pro rata fair market value of any such fraction. Such fair market value shall be based, in the case of publicly traded securities, on the last sale price for such securities on the business day next prior to the date such fair market value is to be determined (or, in the event no sale is made on that day, the average of the closing bid and asked prices for that day on the principal stock exchange on which Class A Common shares are traded or, if the Class A Common shares are not then listed on any national securities exchange, the average of the closing bid and asked prices for that day quoted by the NASDAQ System) or, in the case of other property, the fair market value on such day determined by a qualified independent appraiser expert in evaluating such property and appointed by the Board of Directors of the corporation. Any such determination of fair market value shall be final and binding on the corporation and on each holder of Class B Common shares or Class A Common shares.

The corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available out of the authorized and unissued Class A Common shares, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the outstanding Class B Common shares, such number of Class A Common shares as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the conversion of all outstanding Class B Common shares and if, at any time, the number of authorized and unissued Class A Common shares shall not be sufficient to effect conversion of the then outstanding Class B Common shares, the corporation shall take such corporate action as may be necessary to increase the number of authorized and unissued Class A Common shares to such number as shall be sufficient for such purposes.

(c) The Preferred shares may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Board of Directors is hereby authorized to fix or alter the designations, preferences, and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and qualifications, limitations or restrictions, of such Preferred shares, including without limitation of the generality of the foregoing, dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights, rights and terms of redemption (including sinking fund provisions), the redemption price or prices and liquidation preferences of any wholly unissued series of Preferred shares, and the number of shares constituting any such series and the designation thereof, or any of them; and to increase or decrease the number of shares of that series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding. In case the number of shares of any series shall be so decreased, the shares constituting such decrease shall resume the status which they had prior to the adoption of the resolution originally fixing the number of shares of such series.

5. The corporation is to have perpetual existence.

6. In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by statute, the Board of Directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal the by-laws of the corporation.

7. A director of the corporation shall not be personally liable to the corporation or any stockholder for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability (i) for any breach of the directors duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under section 174 of the _________(PLACENAME) General Corporation Law, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. If the _________(PLACENAME) General Corporation Law is amended after approval by the stockholders of this Article 7 to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of a director of the corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the _________(PLACENAME) General Corporation Law, as so amended. Any repeal or modification of any provision of this Article 7 by the stockholders of the corporation shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director of the corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification.

8. The corporation reserves the right at any time, and from time to time, to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Restated Certificate of Incorporation, and other provisions authorized by the laws of the State of _________(PLACENAME) at the time in force may be added or inserted, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by law; and all rights, preferences and privileges of whatsoever nature conferred upon stockholders, directors or any other persons whomsoever by and pursuant to this Restated Certificate of Incorporation in its present form or as hereafter amended are granted subject to the rights reserved in this article.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this certificate as of _________(M,D,Y).

/s/ _________(NAME), _________(TITLE)

/s/ _________(NAME), _________(TITLE)
The undersigned, the President and Secretary of AAA, Inc., a _________(PLACENAME) corporation, declare under penalty of perjury that the matters set out in the foregoing Restated Certificate of Incorporation are true of their own knowledge.

/s/ _________(NAME), _________(TITLE)

/s/ _________(NAME), _________(TITLE)

   Following the correction in February, the market will likely trade sideways until there is better clarity on government policy regarding possible measures to control property prices and excessive market speculation. Policy risk remains high over the short term. However, China’s strong economic fundamentals remain intact. The corporate income tax unification could translate into substantial tax reductions for many listed companies which in turn would boost corporate earnings growth. Further Renminbi appreciation, the expansion of the QDII scheme, corporate M&A and the implementation of management incentive plans are positive factors that would lead the market higher over the longer term.

        The Hang Seng Index (HSI) dropped 2.3% for the month, with a sharp plunge around the end of February. The fall was triggered by the sell-off in the China A-share market, the reversal of Yen carry trade as well as a rebound in the emerging markets credit spread. Finance was the worst performing sector as its performance was dragged down by the bell-weather HSBC which issued a profit warning regarding the increased provisions on its US mortgage books. The property sector also underperformed due to profit-taking whilst utilities and commerce and industrial sectors fared relatively better.
    Concerns over fund outflow and high market velocity will see the market entering into a consolidation period over the short term. As the underlying economic fundamentals continue to improve and stock valuations remain reasonable, any major correction would be a good buying opportunity. Positive management guidance in the forthcoming corporate reporting season will be the near-term catalyst for the market to resume its uptrend. We prefer property developers, retailers, hotels, selective industrials and China related stocks, while cautious on utilities, property investors and selective large cap banks.

The State Council, or cabinet, said a sales tax on properties sold will be waived two years after purchase, compared with the previous term of five years. The tax will also be levied based on the profit from the sale instead of the sale price, according to the statement.

“This move, which helps to ease buyer’s economic burden, is expected to boost market vibrancy and may drag down the price of new residential buildings,” said Qin Xiaomei, research chief at CB Richard Ellis’s Beijing branch.

“However, it could also be a double-edged sword, partly encouraging investment-oriented purchase,” she added.

The floor area of residential properties sold in the first 11 months of the year fell 18.8 percent from a year earlier, while real estate investment growth slowed to 22.7 percent in January to November, down from 24.6 percent in the first 10 months.

Dropping transactions are squeezing an economy already hurt by the global turmoil, as the property sector is one of the biggest drivers of China’s domestic expansion, contributing a quarter of fixed-asset investment and employing 77 million people.

Therefore, experts say reviving the property sector is vital to the government’s efforts to counter the current downturn, which has worsened in the past month, with factory output falling to the slowest pace on record.

“The latest package will definitely help to boost market confidence, but we should not expect an instant rebound since the detailed regulations are still in the pipeline,” said Gu Wei, spokesman of Longfor Property.

“Furthermore, it is not easy to make such a big move, showing the government’s determination to reactivate the ailing property market,” he added.

The State Council said it will allow people to buy second homes on the same preferential terms normally reserved for those buying their first homes, such as lower down payment requirements and interest rates, so long as the floor space per person is lower than the local average.

“This long-anticipated relaxation really makes us excited and could help speed up the recovery of the market,” said a sales manger of Beijng Capital Land.

However, Zheng Fei, a 30-year-old company executive, said he will still take a wait-and-see attitude, betting the property price will still fall and the government may offer more favorable policies afterward.

The government also said it would support developers’ “reasonable” financing needs, and would increase credit help for construction especially of low-priced and small units, vowing to provide housing for 9.9 million low-income families in the next three years.

The People’s Bank of China, the central bank, said Wednesday that developers building low-rent housing could enjoy a 10 percent discount on lending rates, effective from January.

And the National Development and Reform Commission Wednesday also announced a 10 billion yuan subsidy on affordable housing.

According to statistics from the Beijing Municipal Construction Committee, 12,479 apartments, with a combined floor area of 1.19 million square meters, were sold in Beijing in November.

Figures from the China Real Estate Information Circle System (CRIC), a proprietary real estate database service from E-House (China) Holdings, showed that the total floor area of apartments sold in Shanghai in November 2008 rose to 708,500 square meters.

Despite the increase from last month, apartment sales in November haven’t brought much cheer to real estate developers and agents. “The increase of sales (in November) was from a low base in October when sales was dismal,” explained Meng Qi, senior analyst from Century 21 China Real Estate.